Ch. 3. France and the Thirty
Years War (1630-1647)
Sweden Enters the Thirty Years War
In 1630, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden marched his army into Germany.1 The Emperor Ferdinand II dismissed Wallenstein and made Tilly the new commander.2
In March or April 1630, French forces seized the fortress of Pinerolo, a decisive gateway between France and Italy, and in May, King Louis XIII invaded and occupied all of Savoy.3 But just as the French army was ready to come to the relief of Mantua and Casale, Mantua was taken by the imperialists (Hapsburgs), and only the citadel of Casale held out.4 Negotiations followed.5
In 1630, the war between France and England ended with the Treaty of Madrid.6 France and England concluded peace in April 1630.7
After April 1630, the Huguenots in southern
France, the Languedoc, Provence and Gascogny, resumed the war
of resistance against the King under the brilliant military leadership
of Henry de Rohan.8 Within three months, filled with
conquest, devastation, and wholesale murder of surrendering Huguenot
resisters, the King's armies conquered the key fortresses and
Rohan sued for peace.9 The Protestants were forced
to consent to the complete destruction of all their fortified
places, but otherwise the Edict of Nantes was reaffirmed.10
Marie de Medici Fails Again
In 1630, after Marie de Medicis narrowly
failed to persuade King Louis XIII to dismiss Richelieu, Gaston
insulted Richelieu and then fled to the Low Countries, where he
was joined shortly thereafter by Marie de Medicis.11
Their accomplices were punished with exile, imprisonment, or death.12
Thus Richelieu overthrew the conspiracy of Marie de Medici.13
Protestants Score Victories in Thirty Years War
In 1631, Pierre Thibodeau was born in Poitou, France.14
In January 1631, Richelieu and Gustavus Adolphus concluded the Traty of Baerwalde by which France subsidized Sweden's war efforts against the Hapsburgs.15 In March 1631, the Mantuan succession dispute between France and the Hapsburgs was settled in a manner highly favorable to France, in part as a result of the startling successes of Gustavus Adolphus.16
In 1631, Marie de Medici was exiled to Brussels, where she joined forces with her son Gaston, Duke of Orleans, to bring about Richelieu's fall.17
Gaston and Montmorency Revolt in France
In 1632, Gaston returned to France, accompanied by Spanish levies, in order to join up with the revolt organized in Languedoc by its governor, the Duc de Montmorency, who had a considerable following there.18 Montmorency was a peer of France, in fact her greatest noble.19 The revolt failed, and Montmorency was defeated in battle, taken prisoner, and executed.20 Gaston fled to Brussels.21
In 1633, Wallenstein invaded Silesia, defeated the Swedish army under Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, at Steinau, and went into winter quarters in Bohemia.22 The same year, the French army occupied Lorraine.23
In 1634, Gaston returned to France,
but on humuliating terms.24
Catholics Defeat Swedes at Nordlingen
In 1634, another Rene Landry was born,25 presumably in France.26 It appears that this Rene Landry "LeJeune" (the Younger) was not closely related to the Rene Landry "L'Aine" (the Elder) born in 1618.27 The parentage of Rene Landry "LeJeune" is unknown.28
In 1634, the Emperor Ferdinand II deprived Wallenstein of his command a second time, declaring him a traitor; Matthias Gallas was made commander in chief, and Wallenstien was assassinated.29 The same year, the Swedish army was defeated at the battle of Nordlingen;30 after this crushing defeat the Emporer once more appeared to be master of Germany.31 Wurttemberg and Franconia were reconquered by imperial forces.32 It was only after the disaster of the battle of Nordlingen that Richelieu was forced by the Swedish chancellor to declare himself openly.33 Richelieu began to prepare to intervene in the war in a more direct fashion.34
In 1635, Jean Terriau married Perrine Bourg,35 in Martaize, France.36
In February 1635, Richelieu concluded
an offensive alliance with the Netherlands.37 In April
1635 Richelieu concluded a defensive alliance with Sweden.38
Peace of Prague; France Enters the Thirty Years War
In 1635, the Emperor Ferdinand II and the Elector John George of Saxony signed the Peace of Prague.39 In May 1635 the Treaty of Prague was concluded settling the internal German conflicts.40 From then on, the war became less and less a war of religion, and more an open struggle between France and her allies against the Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs, a war carried out on German soil and supported by such German princelings as were willing to let themselves be hired.41 After the Peace of Prague, the Thirty Years' War became a conflict between France and Sweden against the House of Hapsburg.42
On May 19, 1635, France openly declared
war on Spain as a result of Spain's having taken Trier, whose
archbishop had accepted French protection.43 Spain's
great military strength was concentrated in the Low Countries.44
The Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye provided for regular French
subsidies to the army of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar.45
In 1635, France declared war on Spain, although, despite France's
intervention in the Thirty Years' War, France still nominally
remained at peace with the Austrian Habsburgs and the Empire.46
France Invaded; Thirty Years War Continues
On April 1, 1636, the first French Acadian families (i.e., including women and children) migrated from France to Acadia on the Saint Jehan, which, "under the command of Captain Saunic weighed anchor at La Rochelle April 1, 1636, carrying 78 passengers and 18 crewmen_."47
In the summer of 1636, a great invasion was launched from Flanders which gained rapid success and soon threatened Paris.48 Spanish forces in the theatre reportedly numbered 25,000 as against less than 10,000 French, and other French forces could not be withdrawn from Italy, Franche-Comte, or Germany.49 National sentiment swept the people; everyone either joined the army or contributed funds.50 Losses continued, however, and popular hostility and strife were rampant.51
By the beginning of September 1636, King Louis XIII had assembled a force almost equal to that of the Spaniards.52 At the same time, French diplomacy had overcome Dutch hesitance, and Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, entered the war with 20,000 men in the Spanish rear.53 Soon the fortunes of war turned and the Spanish were cleared from most of the French soil that had been invaded.54
About 1636, Antoine Bourc emigrated from France to Acadia.55
In 1637, Emperor Ferdinand II died and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand III.56 The same year, the Dutch, led by Frederick Henry of Orange, recaptured Breda, and Pequod Fort, Connecticut, was destroyed.57
In 1637 the Count of Soissons entered into an agreement with the Spanish to invade France from Flanders, raised a force, and invaded Picardy.58 The campaign petered out when Richelieu advised the King to conclude a compromise settlement.59
In 1637, Jean Terriau migrated to Acadia and settled in Port Royal,60 presumably with his wife Perrine Bourg.
In 1638 the French failed in an attempt to invade the Basque country of Spain.61
On April 15, 1638, Rene Landry "L'Aine" married Perrine Bourc at La Chausee, France.62
On September 5, 1638, Louis XIV was born.63
In 1639, the French proceeded against the eastern Catalan border.64 The Catalonians stoutly resisted the French advance, but, angered by the behavior of Castilian troops quartered in Catalan, the Catalonians on May 12, 1640 rose in revolt.65 After negotiations with the central Spanish government failed, the leaders of the insurrection placed themselves under the protection of the King of France, while French armies occupied Catalan.66
In 1639, Rene Landry "L'Aine" may have married Perrine Bourc67 at La Chausee, France.68
Around 1640, at about the age of 22,
Rene Landry "L'Aine" crossed the Atlantic from
France to arrive in Acadia.69 He settled at Port Royal.70
France Occupies Alsace
In 1640, the French finished the occupation of Alsace, and the Swedes withdrew from Bohemia.71 The same year, the Elector George William of Brandenburg died and was succeeded by the "Great Elector" Frederick William.72
73
About 1641, Andre Bernard, a stone mason, went to Acadia in order to serve at the habitation of Charles de La Tour at Jemseg on the River St. Jean (in what is now New Brunswick).74
In 1641, the count of Soissons, in collaboration with Marie de Medici, invaded France, but he was murdered by a mysterious pistol shot, and the campaign collapsed.75 In 1641, the Comte de Soissons' conspiracy against King Louis XIII failed.76
In 1641, d'Aulnay persuaded the French court to appoint him governor of Acadia.77
On July 3, 1642, Marie de Medici died.78
In 1642, d'Aulnay received authorization from the French court to capture La Tour and arrest him.79
Michel Boudrot went to Acadia with d'Aulnay around 1642.80
In 1642, at about the age of 24, Rene
Landry "L'Aine" crossed the Atlantic from France
to arrive in Acadia.81 He settled at Port Royal.82
Mazarin Succeeds Richelieu
On December 4, 1642, Richelieu died of illness.83 In 1642, Richelieu died and was succeeded as first minister of France by Cardinal Mazarin.84
On May 14, 1643, King Louis XIII died.85
In 1643, Louis XIV, at the age of five, became King of France.86
Anne of Austria, the Queen Mother, invested with supreme power,
confirmed Mazarin as first minister.87 Power was nominally
in the hand of Anne of Austria, the widow of Louis XIII, mother
of Louis XIV, and Regent; in practice, the real ruler of the country
was Cardinal Mazarin.88
Austrians Defeat French at Duttlingen
In 1643, an Austro-Bavarian army defeated
the French at Duttlingen.89
France Occupies the Rhineland
In 1644, the French occupied the Rhineland.90
Andre Bernard and his family were sent back to France from Acadia around 1645.91
In 1645, peace talks were opened between the Holy Roman Empire and France.92
In 1646, the French fleet stalemated
the Spanish in the battle of Orbetello, and soon thereafter the
French took Elba and Piombino.93 A French-inspired
rebellion in Naples collapsed, and Lerida in Catalonia was retaken
by Spanish arms.94 In 1646, the Swedes took Prague,
and then invaded Bavaria with the French.95
FOOTNOTES
1Grun, Bernard, The Timetables of History: A Horizontal Linkage of People and Events (1982), p. 284; Lough, John, An Introduction to Seventeenth Century France (1954), p. 123.
2Grun, p. 284.
3Friedrich, Carl J., The Age of the Baroque: 1610-1660 (1952), p. 215-16.
4Friedrich, p. 215-16.
5Friedrich, p. 215-16.
6Grun, p. 284.
7Friedrich, p. 212-13.
8Friedrich, p. 213.
9Friedrich, p. 213.
10Friedrich, p. 213.
11Lough, p. 122; see generally Friedrich, pp. 215-16.
12Lough, p. 122.
13Grun, p. 284. In 1630, the Plymouth Company founded Boston. Grun, p. 284.
14Arsenault, Bona, Historie et Genealogie des Acadien (Quebec, Le Conseil de la Vie francoise en Amerique 1965) [hereinafter Genealogie], p. 807; Fruge, J. Cleveland, Landry--Gassie: Another Louisiana Family Geneology (1975) (citing Geneaologie, p. 518). Arsenault writes:
PIERRE THIBODEAU, né en 1631, originaire du Poitou, arrivé en Acadie en 1654, en compagnie d'Emmanuel LeBorgne de Belle-Isle, marié, vers 1660, à Jeanne Terriot, fille de Jean et de Perrine Bourg. Enfants: Marie, 1661; Marie, 1663; Marie, 1664; Anne-Marie, 1665; Catherine, 1667; Pierre, 1670; Jeanne, 1672; Jean, 1673; Antoine, 1674; Pierre, 1676; Michel, 1678; Cécile, 1680; Marie-Anne-Louise, 1682; Claude, 1684; Catherine-Josephe, 1686; Charles, 1689. Il fut inhumé à Port Royal, le 26 décembre 1704.
Arsenault, Genealogie, p. 807. My translation is:
PIERRE THIBODEAU, born in 1631, originally from Poitou, arrived in Acadia in 1654, in the company of Emmanuel LeBorgne of Belle-Isle, married, about 1660, Jeanne Terriot, daughter of Jean and Perrine Bourg. Children: _. He was buried at Port Royal, December 16, 1704.
In a footnote, Arsenault adds:
Il était meunier à Prée Ronde, dans le haut de la rivière Port-Royal, il est le fondateur de Chipoudy (Hopewell, N.B.), en 1698.
My translation is:
He was a miller at Pree Ronde (Round Meadow), on the upper part of the Port Royal river; he was the founder of Chipoudy (now Hopewell, New Brunswick), in 1698.
15Friedrich, p. 215; see also Lough, p. 123. In 1631, German Protestant princes held a convention at Neu Brandenburg, and decided to form an alliance with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. Grun, p. 284. Tilly destroyed the Swedish garrison at Neu Brandenburg, sacked Magdeburg, burned Halle, and invaded Saxony. Grun, p. 284. Supported by subsidies from Richelieu, Gustavus Adolphus sacked Frankfurt-on-Oder, signed a treaty of alliance with John George, Elector of Saxony, defeated Tilly at the battle of Breitenfeld, and occupied Wurzburg and Mainz. Grun, p. 284. Wallenstein was then reappointed commander in chief. Grun, p. 284.
16Friedrich, p. 216.
17Grun, p. 284.
18Lough, p. 122.
19Friedrich, p. 221.
20Lough, p. 122.
21Lough, p. 122. In 1632, Gustavus Adolphus took Nuremburg and at Lech defeated Tilly, who was mortally wounded; Gustavus then entered Munich, attacked Wallenstein at Nuremburg, and in November 1632 defeated Wallenstein at the battle of Lutzen, but was himself killed in action. Grun, p. 284; see also Lough p. 123; Friedrich, p. 221. As a result of the death of Gustavus, his 6 year old daughter Christina became queen of Sweden, which was then governed by five regents. Grun, p. 284.
22Grun, p. 286.
23Grun, p. 286.
24Lough, p. 122.
25Arsenault, Genealogie (1978), pp. 623-24; Miller, Elfer B., Joseph Landry, Jr. (Commandant): His Children and their Acadian Antecedents (1981) [hereinafter cited as Antecedents], p. 27 (citing Arsenault, Genealogie, pp. 623-24). This Rene Landry is often referred to as Rene Landry LeJeune (the Younger). Arsenault writes the following about this second Rene Landry:
RENE LANDRY, né en 1634, «venu de France avec sa femme», marié, vers 1659, à Marie Bernard. Enfants : Antoine, 1660; Claude, 1663; Cécile, 1664; Jean, 1666; René, 1668; Marie, 1670; Marguerite, 1672; Germain, 1674; Jeanne, 1676; Abraham, 1678; Pierre, 1680; Catherine, 1682; Anne, 1684; Charles, 1688; Isabelle, 1690. Il est décédé vers 1692.
Arsenault, Genealogie (1978), pp. 623-24. My rough translation is as follows:
RENE LANDRY, born in 1634, "came from France with his wife," and was married, about 1659, to Marie Bernard. Children: Antoine, 1660; Claude, 1663; Cécile, 1664; Jean, 1666; René, 1668; Marie, 1670; Marguerite, 1672; Germain, 1674; Jeanne, 1676; Abraham, 1678; Pierre, 1680; Catherine, 1682; Anne, 1684; Charles, 1688; Isabelle, 1690. He died about 1692.
Others have concluded that Rene Landry the Younger was born in 1640 and was married to Marie Bernard in 1662.
26 The statement quoted by Arsenault that Rene Landry "came from France with his wife" suggests that they were both born in France. I have conjectured that perhaps Rene Landry (b. 1634) was a French fisherman, initially living perhaps near Andre Bernard's hometown of Beauvoir-sur-Mer in the Department of Vendee, France. See entries at the year 1659 for the evidence behind this theory.
27 Stephen White, by analyzing the presence or absence of special dispensations for marriages of descendants of the two Rene Landrys, has concluded that the two Rene Landrys could not have been more closely related than _______________. [need cite] Apparently Rene Landry "L'Aine" had only one male child, Pierre Landry, who married Madeleine dit Cadet Robichaud. See Fédération des associations de familles acadiennes, Comité de généalogie, Our Cousins in Louisiana (1999), p. 113 (This book apparently only lists male descendants.).
Arsenault adds the following note to the entry for the Rene Landry born in 1618:
Deux René Landry ont fait souche en Acadie. Le premier, né en 1681, dont nous donnons la généalogie ici, est mentionné au recensecement de 1671. Le deuxiéme, né en 1634, est inscrit pour la première fois au recensement de 1678. Nous donnons plus loin la nomenclature de ses descendants. Le fait que le premier René Landry, né en 1618, soit surnommé l'aîné , au recensement de 1671, suppose la présence d'une autre personne du même nom en Acadie, à cette époque. Plusieurs auteurs ont prétendu qu'il s'agissait du père et du fils, mais il nous semble peu probable que le René Landry, né en 1618, soit le père du René Landry, né en 1634, puisqu'il n'y aurait que seize ans de différence entre l'âge du père et celui du fils. D'ailleurs, le Pere Archange Godbout, dans son Dictionnaire des Acadiens, conservé aux Archives du Québec, indique bien, à la page 423, que ce deuxième René Landry, né en 1634, est venu de France avec sa femme.
Arsenault, Genealogie (1978), p. 612 n. 66. My very rough translation is as follows:
Two Rene Landry's were family founders in Acadia. The first, born in 1618, of whom we give the genealogy here, is mentioned in the census of 1671. The second, born in 1634, is inscribed for the first time in the census of 1678. We give much later the names of his descendants. The fact that the first Rene Landry, born in 1618, was surnamed the elder, in the census of 1671, implies the presence of another person of the same name in Acadia at that time. Several authors have maintained that it is a question of father and son, but it seems to us not very probable that the Rene Landry, born in 1618, was the father of Rene Landry, born in 1634, since there are only sixteen years of difference between the age of the father and that of the son. Besides, Fr. Archange Godbout, in his Dictionnaire des Acadiens, preserved in the Archives of Quebec, indicates well, on page 423, that the second Rene Landry, born in 1634, came from France with his wife.
As noted above, Arsenault concludes that Rene Landry "LeJeune" was born in 1634 and married Marie Bernard in 1659 in France. See Arsenault, Genealogie (1978), pp. 623-24; Miller, Antecedents, p. 27 (citing Genealogie, pp. 623-24). Moreover, Arsenault says that Rene Landry (b. 1618) and Perrine Bourc were not married until about 1645, and their first child was Marie, born in 1646. Arsenault, Genealogie (1978), p. 612.
Others have concluded that the two Rene Landrys were father and son. In 1640, according to some sources, Rene Landry (b. 1618) and Perrine Bourc had a son, Rene Landry (b. 1640). LeBlanc (1966), Family Tree; Jehn, Acadien Descendants (1972), Vol. I, p. 118; Fruge (1975) (citing Arsenault, Genealogie (1965), pp. 432-33). According to Fruge, Rene Landry, born 1640, later in 1662 married Marie Bernard, born 1645. Fruge (citing Genealogie (1965), pp. 433 and 533); see also LeBlanc (1966), Family Tree; Jehn, Acadian Descendants (1972), Vol. I, p. 118.
Peter Landry also says Rene Landry was born in 1640 and married Marie Bernard in 1662; Peter Landry tentatively concludes he was the son of Rene Landry (b. 1618). Peter Landry, The Landrys of Old Acadia, Rene Landry [#11]. Peter Landry assigns this Rene Landry (b. 1640) #11. Peter Landry reports information that Rene Landry (b. 1618) married Perrine Bourg in 1638 and they emigrated to Acadia in 1642 (see below under 1642).
28Stephen White and others have noted that the census records show one Marie Sale and Jean Claude living right next to Rene Landry "LeJeune" and that as a result some have mistakenly concluded that Marie Sale is the mother of Rene Landry "LeJeune" and that Jean Claude is "Jean-Claude Landry" and the father of Rene Landry "LeJeune." [need cite] White emphasizes that Jean Claude was a Micmac Indian, that "Jean Claude" is his full name (i.e., he is not a Landry), and that there is no reason to believe Marie Sale is the mother of Rene Landry. [need cite] Arsenault adds the following as a footnote to the words quoted in the footnote above ("came from France with his wife"):
Le Père Archange Godbout, dans son manuscrit intitulé Dictionnaire des Acadiens, conservé aux Archives du Quebec, page 423. Il ajoute que la mère de René Landry serait Marie Salé. Or, au recensement de 1671, une Marie Salé est mentionnée cómme étant veuve de défunt Jean-Claude. De plus le Père Godbout indique que la mère de son épouse, Marie Bernard, est Andrée Guion. Son père ne serait-il pas André Bernard, l'un des hommes de Latour, épargné par D'Aulnay lors de la prise du fort de Jemseg, sur la rivière Saint-Jean, en 1645, qui aurait épousé Andrée Guion?
Arsenault, Genealogie, pp. 624 n. 73. My very rough translation is as follows:
Father Archange Godbout, in his manuscript entitled Dictionnaire des Acadiens, preserved in the Archives of Quebec, page 423. He adds that the mother of Rene Landry was Marie Sale. Now, in the census of 1671, a Marie Sale is mentioned as being the widow of the late Jean-Claude. Furthermore, Fr. Godbout indicates that the mother of his wife, Marie Bernard, is Andree Guion. Was it not her father Andre Bernard, one of the men of Latour, spared by D'Aulnay at the time of the capture of the fort of Jemseg, on the River Saint Jean, in 1645, who was the spouse of Andree Guion?
Others have interpreted Arsenault as indicating that Jean-Claude Landry and Marie Sale were the parents of Rene Landry "L'Aine" (b. 1618). See Peter Landry, The Landrys of Old Acadia, Rene Landry [#1] (reporting information given him by Shirley Burke, who cited the same footnote from Arsenault).
29Grun, p. 286.
30Grun, p. 286.
31Lough, p. 123.
32Grun, p. 286.
33Friedrich, p. 221.
34Lough, p. 123.
35Arsenault, Genealogie, p. 804; Fruge (citing Genealogie, p. 576).
36Gagnet, Landry Family Tree (1964); LeBlanc, Dudley, J., The Acadian Miracle (1966) (Family Tree). Arsenault indicates that Jean Terriau married Perrine Bourg in about 1635, and that Jean Terriau was probably originally from Martaize. Arsenault, Genealogie , p. 804.
37Friedrich, p. 221.
38Friedrich, p. 221.
39Grun, p. 286.
40Friedrich, p. 221.
41Friedrich, p. 222.
42Grun, p. 286.
43Friedrich, p. 222.
44Friedrich, p. 222.
45Grun, p. 286.
46Lough, p. 123. The Treaty of Stuhmsdorf provided for a 20-year truce between Sweden and Poland. Grun, p. 286. Also in 1635, the Dutch occupied Formosa, the English occupied the Virgin Islands, and the French occupied Martinique. Grun, p. 286. Meanwhile, the English settlers from Massachusetts began to colonize Connecticut. Grun, p. 286.
47 Peter Landry, The Landrys of Old Acadia, Rene Landry [#1] (citing "Genealogy and Emigration," The French Canadian and Genalogical Review, vol. I, no. 1 (Spring 1968), p. 66. He further points out that the cited source contains a passenger list, which includes 11 women (but apparently no Landrys, since he does not mention any). He conjectures that most of the workmen would have returned back to France within a year or two, citing "Fort Saint-Marie-de-Grace, LaHave, Nova Scotia: 350 Years of History," NSHR, 2:2 (1982), p. 54.
48Friedrich, p. 222.
49Friedrich, p. 223.
50Friedrich, p. 223.
51Friedrich, p. 223.
52Friedrich, p. 224.
53Friedrich, p. 224.
54Friedrich, p. 224. In 1636, Austrian troops retired from Burgundy, and then Prince Octavio Piccolomini invaded France, but was repulsed. Grun, p. 288. Also in 1636, Swedish troops defeated Saxons at the Battle of Wittstock. Grun, p. 288.
55Arsenault, Genealogie, p. 448.
56Grun, p. 288. Ferdinand II died on February 15, 1637. Friedrich, p. 224.
57Grun, p. 288.
58Friedrich, p. 224, 230.
59Friedrich, p. 224, 230.
60Arsenault, Genealogie, p. 804; Fruge (citing Arsenault, Genealogie, p. 576).
61Friedrich, p. 227. In 1638, Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar took Freiburg, defeated the Duke of Lorraine at Sennheim, and conquered Breisach. Grun, p. 288. The same year, the Elector of Brandenburg moved his capital to Konigsberg, and the French-Swedish alliance was renewed for three years. Grun, p. 288.
62 Peter Landry reports that he was informed by Mme. Yvetee Chauser, the French lady in charge of the Maison de l'Acadie, a museum in la Chausee, that Rene Landry and Perrine Bourg were married on April 15, 1638 in the stone church behind the museum. Peter Landry, The Landrys of Old Acadia, n. 8. The Dudley J. LeBlanc Family Tree gives the date as 1639.
Arsenault, on the other hand, says that it was about 1645 that Rene Landry (b. 1618) married Perrine Bourg, the widow Pelletret, sister of Antoine Bourg, after Rene went to Acadia in about 1640. Arsenault, Genealogie, p. 612. West likewise states that Rene Landry, native of La Chausee in the Loudon area, arrived in Acadia around 1640 and there married Perrine Bourg. Robert C. West, An Atlas of Louisiana Surnames of French and Spanish Origin (1986) (citing Landreaux (1986), p. 126, and Fruge (1975), p. 62).
Other sources agree that Rene Landry married Perrine Bourc. Gagnet, Landry Family Tree (1964); LeBlanc, Family Tree; Fruge (citing Arsenault, Genealogie, p. 433).
63Friedrich, p. 230.
64Friedrich, p. 228.
65Friedrich, p. 228.
66Friedrich, p. 228. In 1639, a small Dutch fleet destroyed a large Spanish fleet near England. Friedrich, p. 229. In 1639, the leader of the Grisons was assassinated, and the Valtelline was returned to the Grisons under the Peace of Milan. Grun, p. 288. Meanwhile, the Swedish army was before Prague, and Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar died. Grun, p. 288.
67Gagnet, Landry Family Tree (1964); LeBlanc (1966), Family Tree; Jehn, Acadien Descendants (1972), Vol. I, p. 118 ("He was married about 1639 to Perrine BOURG."); Fruge (1975) (citing Arsenault, Genealogie (1965), pp. 433).
Arsenault (1978), on the other hand, says that it was about 1645 that Rene Landry (b. 1618) married Perrine Bourg, the widow Pelletret, sister of Antoine Bourg, after Rene went to Acadia in about 1640. Arsenault, Genealogie (1978), p. 612. West likewise states that Rene Landry, native of La Chaussee in the Loudon area, arrived in Acadia around 1640 and there married Perrine Bourg. Robert C. West, An Atlas of Louisiana Surnames of French and Spanish Origin (1986), p. 92 (citing Landreaux (1986), p. 126, and Fruge (1975), p. 62).
68LeBlanc, Family Tree.
69Gagnet, Landry Family Tree (1964); Fruge (citing Arsenault, Genealogie (1965), pp. 432-33); Jehn, Acadian Descendants (1972), Vol. I, p. 118; Arsenault, Genealogie (1978), p. 612. Others put the date more precisely in 1642 (see below).
70Gagnet, Landry Family Tree (1964); Fruge (1975) (citing Arsenault, Genealogie (1965), pp. 432-33); Arsenault, Genealogie (1978), p. 612.
71Grun, p. 290.
72Grun, p. 290.
73
74Arsenault, Genealogie, pp. 428-29; Miller, Antecedents, p. 3 (citing Genealogie, pp. 428-29).
75Friedrich, p. 231.
76Grun, p. 290.
77Rushton, William Faulkner, The Cajuns: From Acadia to Louisiana (1979), p. 309.
78Friedrich, p. 231.
79Rushton, p. 309. In 1642, King Charles I of England, after failing in an attempt to arrest five members of the Commons, fled with his family to Hampton Court, and Queen Henrietta Marie left England for Holland. Grun, p. 290. The English Civil War began between Parliamentary forces, called the "Roundheads," and the king's supporters, called the "Cavaliers." Grun, p. 290. Meanwhile, the Imperial army was defeated at Kempten, Schweidnitz, and Breitenfeld. Grun, p. 290. On November 2, 1642, the second battle of Breitenfield all but wiped out the imperial forces. Friedrich, p. 230.
80Gagnet, Landry Family Tree (1964).
81 Arsenault, Genealogie, p. 612; Arsenault, L'Acadie, p. 63; Gagnet, Landry Family Tree; Fruge (citing Arsenault, Genealogie, pp. 432-33). The foregoing sources all place the date simply around 1640. Peter Landry reports that he was informed by Mme. Yvette Chauser, the French lady in charge of the Maison de l'Acadie, a museum in la Chausee, that Rene Landry and Perrine Bourg were married on April 15, 1638 in the stone church behind the museum, and that, "after a further church service during which the entire community wished them well, in the year 1642, traveled out of the community to the coast, with others, to board the ship which was to bring them to the new world, which was to become known as Acadia." Peter Landry, The Landrys of Old Acadia, n. 8.
Peter Landry also conjectures that Rene Landry came to Acadia as a result of the recruiting efforts of the agents of either Isaac de Razilly or, more likely, Charles de Menou D'Aulnay. As he explains:
To begin with D'Aulnay was of a French noble family who had the seigneury of Aulnay (Chateau de Charnisay) which is located near Louden, the place from which Landry and a number of the original Acadians hailed. Further, it was only D'Aulnay, in continuing with the original efforts of Razilly, who made any kind of colonization effort during this period of history (for that matter, at any period during the history of Acadia). "He [d'Aulnay] fetched some 20 families from France _ his rivals [La Tour] were almost entirely concerned with trade, d'Aulnay's ambition was to establish a lasting colony." (DCB, vol., pp. 505-6). [sic]
Peter Landry, The Landrys of Old Acadia, n. 8.
82 Arsenault, Genealogie, p. 612; Gagnet, Landry Family Tree; Fruge (citing Arsenault, Genealogie, pp. 432-33).
83Friedrich, p. 231.
84Grun, p. 290; Lough, p. 126.
85Friedrich, p. 231. In 1643, King Louis XIII died. Grun, p. 290; Lough, p. 126.
86Grun, p. 290; Palmer, p. 133; Lough, p. 126.
87Grun, p. 290.
88Lough, p. 126-27.
89Grun, p. 292. In 1643, the English Civil War continued, with the Roundheads, led by Cromwell, gaining the most victories. Grun, p. 290. In 1643, Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth, and Massachusettes Bay Colony formed the Confederation of New England. Grun, p. 290.
90Grun, p. 292. In 1644, the English Civil War continued, with victories by both sides. Grun, p. 292. In 1644, Connecticut united with the colony at Saybrook, Providence united with Newport, and Portsmouth united with Rhode Island. Grun, p. 292.
91Arsenault, Genealogie, p. 429; Miller, Antecedents, pp. 3 and 4 (citing Arsenault, Genealogie, pp. 428-29).
92Grun, p. 292. In 1645, the English Civil War continued, with Cromwell winning a number of victories. Grun, p. 292.
93Friedrich, p. 234.
94Friedrich, p. 234.
95Grun, p. 292. The same year, the English Civil War
came to an end with the surrender of Oxford to the Roundheads.
Grun, p. 292. In 1647, Charles I was taken prisoner and the army
marched into London. Grun, p. 294. Meanwhile, the Russians revolted
against Czar Alexis I in Moscow. Grun, p. 294.